Loan Approval Prediction using Machine Learning

Nikhil Aggarwal
Published: September 23, 2022

LOANS are the major requirement of the modern world. By this only, Banks get a major part of the total profit. It is beneficial for students to manage their education and living expenses, and for people to buy any kind of luxury like houses, cars, etc.

But when it comes to deciding whether the applicant’s profile is relevant to be granted with loan or not. Banks have to look after many aspects.

So, here we will be using Machine Learning with Python to ease their work and predict whether the candidate’s profile is relevant or not using key features like Marital Status, Education, Applicant Income, Credit History, etc.

Loan Approval Prediction using Machine Learning

You can download the used data by visiting this link.

The dataset contains 13 features : 

1LoanA unique id 
2GenderGender of the applicant Male/female
3MarriedMarital Status of the applicant, values will be Yes/ No
4DependentsIt tells whether the applicant has any dependents or not.
5EducationIt will tell us whether the applicant is Graduated or not.
6Self_EmployedThis defines that the applicant is self-employed i.e. Yes/ No
7ApplicantIncomeApplicant income
8CoapplicantIncomeCo-applicant income
9LoanAmountLoan amount (in thousands)
10Loan_Amount_TermTerms of loan (in months)
11Credit_HistoryCredit history of individual’s repayment of their debts
12Property_AreaArea of property i.e. Rural/Urban/Semi-urban 
13Loan_StatusStatus of Loan Approved or not i.e. Y- Yes, N-No 

Importing Libraries and Dataset

Firstly we have to import libraries : 

  • Pandas – To load the Dataframe
  • Matplotlib – To visualize the data features i.e. barplot
  • Seaborn – To see the correlation between features using heatmap

Python3

import pandas as pd

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import seaborn as sns

  

data = pd.read_csv("LoanApprovalPrediction.csv")

Once we imported the dataset, let’s view it using the below command.

Output:

 

Data Preprocessing and Visualization

Get the number of columns of object datatype.

Python3

obj = (data.dtypes == 'object')

print("Categorical variables:",len(list(obj[obj].index)))

Output :

Categorical variables: 7

As Loan_ID is completely unique and not correlated with any of the other column, So we will drop it using .drop() function.

Python3

data.drop(['Loan_ID'],axis=1,inplace=True)

Visualize all the unique values in columns using barplot. This will simply show which value is dominating as per our dataset.

Python3

obj = (data.dtypes == 'object')

object_cols = list(obj[obj].index)

plt.figure(figsize=(18,36))

index = 1

  

for col in object_cols:

  y = data[col].value_counts()

  plt.subplot(11,4,index)

  plt.xticks(rotation=90)

  sns.barplot(x=list(y.index), y=y)

  index +=1

Output:

 

As all the categorical values are binary so we can use Label Encoder for all such columns and the values will change into int datatype.

Python3

from sklearn import preprocessing

    

label_encoder = preprocessing.LabelEncoder()

obj = (data.dtypes == 'object')

for col in list(obj[obj].index):

  data[col] = label_encoder.fit_transform(data[col])

Again check the object datatype columns. Let’s find out if there is still any left.

Python3

obj = (data.dtypes == 'object')

print("Categorical variables:",len(list(obj[obj].index)))

Output : 

Categorical variables: 0

Python3

plt.figure(figsize=(12,6))

  

sns.heatmap(data.corr(),cmap='BrBG',fmt='.2f',

            linewidths=2,annot=True)

Output:

 

The above heatmap is showing the correlation between Loan Amount and ApplicantIncome. It also shows that Credit_History has a high impact on Loan_Status.

Now we will use Catplot to visualize the plot for the Gender, and Marital Status of the applicant.

Python3

sns.catplot(x="Gender", y="Married",

            hue="Loan_Status", 

            kind="bar", 

            data=data)

Output:

 

Now we will find out if there is any missing values in the dataset using below code.

Python3

for col in data.columns:

  data[col] = data[col].fillna(data[col].mean()) 

    

data.isna().sum()

Output:

Gender               0
Married              0
Dependents           0
Education            0
Self_Employed        0
ApplicantIncome      0
CoapplicantIncome    0
LoanAmount           0
Loan_Amount_Term     0
Credit_History       0
Property_Area        0
Loan_Status          0

As there is no missing value then we must proceed to model training.

Splitting Dataset 

Python3

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

  

X = data.drop(['Loan_Status'],axis=1)

Y = data['Loan_Status']

X.shape,Y.shape

  

X_train, X_test, Y_train, Y_test = train_test_split(X, Y,

                                                    test_size=0.4,

                                                    random_state=1)

X_train.shape, X_test.shape, Y_train.shape, Y_test.shape

Output:

((598, 11), (598,))
((358, 11), (240, 11), (358,), (240,))

Model Training and Evaluation

As this is a classification problem so we will be using these models : 

To predict the accuracy we will use the accuracy score function from scikit-learn library.

Python3

from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier

from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier

from sklearn.svm import SVC

from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression

  

from sklearn import metrics

  

knn = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=3)

rfc = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators = 7,

                             criterion = 'entropy',

                             random_state =7)

svc = SVC()

lc = LogisticRegression()

  

for clf in (rfc, knn, svc,lc):

    clf.fit(X_train, Y_train)

    Y_pred = clf.predict(X_train)

    print("Accuracy score of ",

          clf.__class__.__name__,

          "=",100*metrics.accuracy_score(Y_train, 

                                         Y_pred))

Output  :

Accuracy score of  RandomForestClassifier = 98.04469273743017

Accuracy score of  KNeighborsClassifier = 78.49162011173185

Accuracy score of  SVC = 68.71508379888269

Accuracy score of  LogisticRegression = 80.44692737430168

Prediction on the test set:

Python3

for clf in (rfc, knn, svc,lc):

    clf.fit(X_train, Y_train)

    Y_pred = clf.predict(X_test)

    print("Accuracy score of ",

          clf.__class__.__name__,"=",

          100*metrics.accuracy_score(Y_test,

                                     Y_pred))

Output : 

Accuracy score of  RandomForestClassifier = 82.5

Accuracy score of  KNeighborsClassifier = 63.74999999999999

Accuracy score of  SVC = 69.16666666666667

Accuracy score of  LogisticRegression = 80.83333333333333

Conclusion : 

Random Forest Classifier is giving the best accuracy with an accuracy score of 82% for the testing dataset. And to get much better results ensemble learning techniques like Bagging and Boosting can also be used.

Source: www.geeksforgeeks.org